<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Positive numbers:
echo substr("Hello world",0,10)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",1,8)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",0,5)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",6,6)."<br>";
echo "<br>";
// Negative numbers:
echo substr("Hello world",0,-1)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",-10,-2)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",0,-6)."<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>